(a)+Eukaryotic+cells

Emilie Brondum Reeh and Ayaka Yokoyama Eukaryotic Cells

What is the differance between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells?:
 * Eukaryotic = **have a "true" nucleus, wrapped in a nuclear membrane


 * Prokaryotic = **have NO "true" nucleus but instead have a region called the nucleoid region

Diagram 1: Labelled Diagram of a single Animal Cell (Drawn by Emilie Brondum Reeh):

Here is a great website to help you understand cells: [] Username: UNIShanoi Password:unis1234

Functions of the Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell:

 * ===**Mitochondria**=== || * Provide the energy for the cell to move
 * The "power" of the cell
 * Convert energy into usable forms for the cell to use || [[image:http://lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu/smarttutor/corc1321/images/cellular/3d.mitochondria.jpg width="277" height="251" link="http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mitochondria+in+animal+cell&um=1&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address&tbm=isch&tbnid=q6Mt8ftlgbf9gM:&imgrefurl=http://lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu/smarttutor/corc1321/cellular.html&docid=P1UngPC9MK_ZxM&w=277&h=251&ei=p1JsTu7VNYe8iAek35HIBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=375&vpy=186&dur=3106&hovh=200&hovw=221&tx=139&ty=103&page=5&tbnh=154&tbnw=170&start=32&ndsp=8&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:32&biw=1024&bih=503"]] ||
 * ==Plasma Membrane== || * Made of two layers of phospholipids
 * It controls what goes in and out of the cell
 * In Eukaryotic cells the plasma membrane has the role of "protecting the cell" || [[image:http://static.wix.com/media/26d585ea990fe61c321ee5db2e505086.wix_mp width="319" height="243" link="http://static.wix.com/media/26d585ea990fe61c321ee5db2e505086.wix_mp"]] ||
 * ==Ribosomes== || * Consists of RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and proteins || [[image:http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCells/Ribosomes.gif width="312" height="286" link="http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCells/Ribosomes.gif"]] ||
 * ==Endoplasmic reticulum== || * A continuation of the nuclear membrane
 * Also known as: ER
 * Two types: Rough ER(contain ribosomes) and Smooth ER(no ribosomes, important for the synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins) || [[image:http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/Endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg link="http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/Endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg"]] ||
 * ==Lysosome== || * Contain enzymes which break down forgein material that enters the cell || [[image:http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_lysosome1.gif link="http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_lysosome1.gif"]] ||
 * ==Golgi Apparatus== || * Package molecules that need to be transported around the cell || [[image:http://kconline.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/Biology%20117/Cells_files/image006.jpg link="http://kconline.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/Biology%20117/Cells_files/image006.jpg"]] ||
 * ==Nucleus== || * The "brain" of the cell
 * Contains DNA and RNA
 * Responsible for growth and reproduction || [[image:http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_nucleus1.gif link="http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_nucleus1.gif"]] ||

(3) Label these same organelles on an EM (electron microscope) micrograph of a liver cell. If you cannot find a good one on the net, use the attached one.

**__Organelles__**


 * Organelles common to Eukaryotic cells and their functions: **
 * Name of organelle || Line drawing || Image || Function(s) ||
 * Free ribosomes || [[image:gcfxd.png width="96" height="72" align="left"]]

Ribosomes are round dark staining organ elles || [] || The synthesis (manufacture) of proteins (usually for use within the cell) - __protein synthesis__ || It is called 'rough' ER because the surface is rough that the ribosomes are attached || [] || The function of rER is to create (modify the proteins that were created in ribosomes) two types of proteins: Lysosomes are the round organelles that float in cytoplasm (they are about 500 nanometers) ||
 * Rough endoplasmic reticulum || [[image:rER.png width="79" height="87"]]
 * 1) The type which will be embedded into the reticulum membrane
 * 2) The type which pass through the membrane (and into lumen)
 * rER also transport these proteins to the parts of the cells that are needed ||
 * Lysosome || [[image:lysosome.png width="44" height="57"]]

[] || Lysosomes are responsible for digesting the materials entered by endocytosis, because it contains powerful digestive enzymes. || Golgi apparatus are the long organelles that are located close to the nucleus ||
 * Golgi apparatus ||

[|http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/214820/530wm/G4600003-Micrograph_of_the_circular_golgi_of_a_cell-SPL.jp] || * Changes (glycosylates/ phosphorylates) the proteins which were modified in rER Mitochondria are found throughout the cytoplasm ||
 * Breakdowns the proteins into smaller active fragments
 * Creates lysosomes
 * It is responsible for preventing the destruction of cells ||
 * Mitochondrion || [[image:mitochondria.png]]

[|/EBchecked/media/115009/Mitochondria-are-found-throughout-the-cytoplasm-of-almost-all-eukaryotic] || Mitochondrion (plural: Mitochondria) is the powerhouse of the cell tha t it produces ATP || The nucleus is located at the center of the cells ||
 * Nucleus || [[image:nucleus.png width="89" height="85"]]

[] || * Nucleus is the "brain" of a cell that it directs the other organelles the cell activities
 * The purpose of nucleus is to separate DNA-related functions of eukaryotic cell. (since eukaryotic cell is big, they separate the DNA to increase efficiency) ||

**__Comparing cells__**

(s = unit of sedimentation coefficient that equals to 10-13 second; the measure of time) || * 70s ribosomes in prokaryotic cells
 * || ** Prokaryotic cells ** || ** Eukaryotic cells ** ||
 * DNA || * DNAs in prokaryotic cells are called the "naked DNA", because they do not have histones associated with.
 * The DNA is not organized into chromosomes but consists of a single long loop || * DNAs in eukaryotic cells are associated with the proteins called histones.
 * DNAs are organized into chromosomes ||
 * Cytoplasm || * DNA in prokaryotic cells are in cytoplasm because they do not have nucleus. || * DNA can be found in nucleus in eukaryotic cells. ||
 * Mitochondria || * There are no mitochondria in prokaryotic cells
 * Prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts instead of mitochondria because they almost have the similar function as mitochondria (producing ATP)
 * Chloroplasts produce ATP from lights || * There are mitochondria in eukaryotic cells - they are located in cytoplasm
 * Mitochondria have the similar function as chloroplast, however mitochondria produce ATP from glucose ||
 * Ribosomes
 * Consists two subunits; 30s and 50s || * 80s ribosomes in eukaryotic cells
 * Consists two subunits; 40s and 60s
 * The ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are larger than the ones in prokaryotic cells ||
 * Internal membrane

(Compartmentalized means that each of the organelles is separated) || * Prokaryotic cells do not have internal membranes because their structure is simpler than eukaryotic cells || * Eukaryotic cells have internal membrane to compartmentalize their functions because each organelles have different functions
 * By compartmentalizing, each organelles can do their specific functions without any interruptions ||

= __Comparing Plant & animal cells__ =
 * **Plant cell** || **Animal cells** ||
 * * Plant cells are eukaryotic (they have nucleus) || * Animal cells are also eukaryotic (they have nucleus) ||
 * * Plants cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis because they get energy from sunlight || * Animal cells do not have chloroplasts because animals do not get energy by photosynthesizing ||
 * * Plant cells have cell wall to prevent the bursting from getting too much liquid (they have to accept large amount of liquid from osmosis) || * Animal cells do not need a cell wall because they have other organelles to keep the shape of the cells ||
 * * Plant cells have larger vacuoles than animal cells do, because they need a regular and constant supply of water (they store the water in vacuole) || * Animal cells have smaller vacuoles but they have more than the plant cells. They have smaller vacuoles because they can get water by different methods. ||


 * __Extracellular components__**

(7) What do we mean by extracellular components


 * Extracellular means "outside of the cell", so extracellular components are the materials which are located outside of the cell membrane and occupied by fluid.

(8) Outline the roll of TWO different extracellular components Cell Wall = Found only in Plant Cells and keep the cell in shape Glycoproteins = "a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component" ([|www.] [|wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn] )


 * = The Cell Wall ||= Glycoproteins ||
 * = * Extracellular Components surround the cell
 * Maintains and protects the shape of the plant cell
 * Provides support to help keep the plant cell upright ||= * Animal cells are able to secrete Glycoproteins